Leafy spurge

Euphorbia esula, or leafy spurge, is an erect, long-lived perennial with narrow leaves and clusters of small yellow-green flowers framed by paired bracts. It spreads by deep, persistent roots and abundant seed, and is invasive in many parts of North America; check local regulations and avoid planting or moving it. ## Identification and Habitat The stems are smooth and may ooze milky sap when broken. The U.S. Forest Service reports plants about 8–35 inches tall, while USDA sources describe plants from roughly 2–3.5 feet; catalog dimensions therefore reflect a broad species range rather than a single mature size. Flowering commonly extends from early summer into fall. It occurs in varied sites, including dry ground, roadsides, pastures, and other disturbed areas. ## Site and Spread Full sun is preferred, though partial shade is tolerated. Roots can sprout new shoots, and mature seed capsules can eject seed; these traits make small infestations difficult to remove. The North Carolina Extension Plant Toolbox and Alaska Division of Agriculture both describe its persistent spread and management concerns. ## Maintenance Do not compost seed-bearing material or move soil from an infested patch. Wear gloves and eye protection because the milky sap can irritate skin and eyes and may be harmful if eaten. Follow local invasive-plant guidance for containment and disposal; hand pulling alone may leave regenerating roots. [Sources: U.S. Forest Service](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/eupesu), [North Carolina State Extension](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-esula/), [Alaska Division of Agriculture](https://dnr.alaska.gov/ag/akpmc/invasives/leafyspurge.htm), [USDA Forest Service field guide](https://www.fs.usda.gov/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr817.pdf)